Tearing Resistance

Tearing resistance is principally a property of the inner formation of the sheet, but surface behavior sometimes affects the values to a noticeable degree. Moisture content of the paper has a huge effect on its tearing resistance so test specimens must be cautiously conditioned. Higher moisture content and higher relative wetness of the test environment actually raise the tearing resistance. 
The tearing resistance is the strength necessary to promulgate a tear through a paper sheet; this force is calculated in units of gram‑force. The prime method used for evaluating the tearing resistance is the Elmendorf tear test (named after the inventor of the standard instrument). The instrument operates on the theory of determining the work done in tearing the paper for a predestined distance by measuring the loss of latent energy from a pendulum. The desired tearing resistance (force) is obtained by dividing the tearing work by the distance over which the tearing force acts (work = force x distance).  
The tearing resistance of paper and paperboard grades fluctuates over a extremely extensive range, from fairly minute values in tissue grades to exceptionally great values in paperboard.  To deal with the problem of having to cover this extensive range with one instrument, two dissimilar testing procedures have been developed and codified in TAPPI Test Method T 414 and International Standard ISO 1974.

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